quoting parenthetical bluebook

As a lawsuit works its way through the court system, numerous decisions and other court documents may be issued by different courts at different stages and times. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. 0000002087 00000 n Pa. 2009). A handy reference for determining when and how to use parentheticals: Citation parentheticals allow you to give the reader important information in a very concise manner. The quotation should be indented on both the left and right without quotation marks. Securities and Exchange Commission v. Kern ->S.E.C. . Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. The rules on short forms are varied and differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages. can be found intable T8. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Sometimes, researchers will toil in vain looking for a particular rule or example to cover a less common type of source, only to find that there is no answer. 1981).Cooper v. Dupnik, 924 F.2d 1520, 1530 & n.20 (9th Cir. Additional parenthetical information follows the court and year parenthetical. This information follows the court and year in paretheticals and/or an explanatory phrase. % Page Numbers are addressed by Rule 3.2(a). Rule 1.5(b)provides more detail on the order of parentheticals. The Bluebook style guide is used in the American legal profession for citation of all relevant sources. 1 0 obj An explanatory parenthetical stating the . Rule 10.6.3(p. 108): Rule for Order of Parentheticals. Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle, unless the parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement. Page numbers, however, may be cited as either Arabic or Roman numerals, depending on how they appear in the original source: The proper way to cite to a specific page within a case is to place a comma and "pincite" to the specific page after the first-page citation: Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629, 632(1950). Refer to rule 10.8.1 (a) for further guidance. You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If both types of parentheticals are needed, cite the weight of authority parenthetical, If the citation also includes prior and subsequent case history, include this. Quoting/Citing Parentheticals- Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. 1980). <> Example: Adam Sorensen, Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. Rev. The primary difference, however, is that rule10.2.2 provides additional guidance for a more extensive abbreviation of words appearing in case names, including all words appearing in table T6 and geographic terms in table T10. 1) Omit parties or actions other than the first listed %PDF-1.5 - Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case. When nesting parentheticals, be sure to close all the brackets. His case note,Housing Discrimination The Appropriate Evidentiary Standard for Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, was published in 1978. ", and as such, should also be italicized. x\Ys~W*:le2KkEOwc 2 QoE6{/tsy7NV5LX|?j^o?z7V5gHFitF0Z{6?u,y1XLq`51,(KfEARHTtZ0=d9P-E9Z\tX[kL_{gY?Rt%"Xj.P%lSj(^|c#13~ILm2=VR' Signals are overly numerous and nebulous, and a citation sentence can include more than one. 4 0 obj Things to note - quotations of fifty or more words need to be indented (Rule 5.1(a)(i)), and if the quote has paragraphs, copy(Rule 5.1(a)(ii). information in the parenthetical as well. Intro signals: E.g., See, See also, Cf., etc. Omit given names or initials of individual litigants (Rule 10.2.1 (g)) If the case is a consolidation of two or more actions, cite only the first one listed (Rule 10.2.1 (a)) Omit all parties other than first listed on each side, and omit words indicating multiple parties, such as "et al." (Rule 10.2.1 (a)) Szekeres v. In court documents and filings, parallel citations to the same case as it appears in multiple reporters are often required. A guide to legal citation using Bluebook rules. NOTE: a space between the parentheticals, no capitalization of first word. If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parenthetical(s) in the citation sentence. 2003). . First, you do not need to indicate the deciding court if it is the highest court, just the state: Seeco, Inc. v. Hales, 22 S.W.3d 157 (Ark. The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. Parenthetical explanations start with the present participial phrase (an "ing" word), is an exact quote, or when it is forcing the issue to use the former, a short statement. xb```b``ef`e`` ,@Q L~a`8 y*K%=f1.j2L. A proper citation to a decision in a bound reporter will indicate: There are many different reporters, both official and unofficial. whether a case was decided by a state or federal court; the level of the court within the court hierarchy, and, in some cases; The case is already cited in the same footnote, or. <> If the pin point cite refers to the first page, duplicate the number. III. Rule 10.3.1 discusses parallel citations. 1.5.2When a parenthetical contains a quotation, the quotation should not be in the form of a block quote, even if it exceeds forty-nine words. There are three main types of parenthetical information that may be given and which should be always be listed in the following order (rule 10.6.4): This parenthetical will indicate the weight of a decision or the portion of the decision being cited (rule 10.6.1). Cookie Notice Nonconsecutively paginated periodicals (R. 16.5) Elements If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parenthetical(s) in the citation sentence. A guide to legal citation using Bluebook rules. A handy reference for determining when and how to use parentheticals: Citation parentheticals allow you to give the reader important information in a very concise manner. When citing a court document, the Bluebook requires the following: the name of the document, the pincite, and a document date, where applicable. stream <> Citation to commercial electronic databases. . ; Include an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it. For more information, please see our Always start parentheticals with a present participle (an "-ing" wordnoting, discussing, holding, etc.) . not changing the lettering but font style, then indicate at the end within a parenthetical, example: (emphasis added) (Rule 5.2(d)(i). Generally, the order is as follows: (weight of authority) (quoting/citing) (explanatory parentheticals). Short form: Id., Infra, Supra, Hereinafter. The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. 0000003381 00000 n What are signals? Law Reviews/Articles & Other Non-Book Publications, https://lawlibraryguides.neu.edu/bluebook. 1992). Pay close attention to comma usage, placement, and typeface as dictated in the Bluebook. Request. 1991) (holding that the police officers' actions "did not rise to level of due process violation" (quoting Weissman v. NOTE: NEVER abbreviate United States as "U.S." when it is a named party. In general, if one source is considered more authoritative than the others . Cir. In law reviews, there is often an unwritten rule not to use "ids." While "U.S." is often used in case reporter headings, it is not allowed by the Bluebook because "U.S." is the preferred abbreviation for the United States Reports, the official report for United States Supreme Court decisions. 0000055676 00000 n Not: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. ; Capitalize the signal if it the first word of the sentence. . Randy Kominskyis a member of Temple Laws Class of 1979. Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. If you add highlights to a quotation (i.e. Quoting/Citing Parentheticals 12 Explanatory Parentheticals 12 SUBSEQUENT AND PRIOR HISTORYTHE BASICS 13 ORDER OF PARENTHETICALS AND CASE . E.D. What follows is a summary of the basics. Bluebook Rule 1 states that these citations are enclosed in citation sentences, introduced by signals. Rule 10.2 applies to both case names in textual sentences and citations and is divided into two sub-rules, designated rules10.2.1 and 10.2.2. endobj B10.1.5: Weight of Authority and Explanatory Parentheticals. 1980),vacated, 450 U.S. 903,remanded to659 F.2d 1058 (2d Cir. Explanatory InformationParenthetical Info..R10.6Prior & Subsequent History.R10.7Parentheticals, Generally..R1.5Related Authority, GenerallyR1.6Explanatory Phrases..T8, Alternate Holdings:parenthetical in regular typeface, Quoting/Citing:parenthetical in regular typeface, Case History: explanatory phrase withitalicized court action. Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citaiton. capital letter to start and a period at the end. 0000007490 00000 n <>>> 0000056115 00000 n In general, the order of parentheticals will be: Weight of Authority Parentheticals, "Quote" Parentheticals, Explanatory Parentheticals. Include an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it. For example, if I emphasized ABC in the below: See XYZ (holding that ABC) (emphasis added). 0000002114 00000 n Cir. There are three main types of parenthetical information that may be given and which should be always be listed in the following order (rule 10.6.4): weight of authority; quoting or citing parentheticals; and; explanatory parentheticals. 1966), rev'd, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). Three periods in a row. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. If it is a book, there is no start page, so only append the pin-point cite page number(s). x=]s8I[6C H\cvf2Iaf#^I7_^wCAZYFh G[|/L%RUTSU/_vq]Ka|Vw@?p3NqDRkflw//_o,Jl2% 5,/*7s1_\~[xY~B{O^"K*J*{}ncCR^I!iprx&|"T8wEUw QLw~C,Kw8f,-*$|X6z~S"@ y5fs9{KPh\fOo]2?/ |?'g;{e65zxD^$e{0gS. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This is covered by Rule 5.2(c). The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc. https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/bluebook-legal-citation. more than five times in a row. Note that volume numbers should be cited using Arabic numerals (1,2,3) even if they appear as Roman numerals (XXV) in the original source. Both rules would apply when citing a decision of the highest court appearing in an official state reporter: Additional parenthetical information follows the court and year parenthetical. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. You should include the case name, docket number, database identifier, court name, and full date. 1991),rev'd en banc, 963 F.2d 1220 (9th Cir. If Ive added emphasis to a quote that is within an explanatory parenthetical, how do i indicate that? Quote Pre-Qual Brochure. ; Italicize the signal if it is included in the citation sentence. If there is a subsequent history or related authority component to the citation, place these after the parenthetical(s) in the citation sentence. unless the entire parenthetical is a quotation. Case decisions are most frequently published in bound reporters. However, beware from over using them. 0000000016 00000 n Rule 1.5(p. 64): Rule for Parenthetical Information. Zadvydas v. Davis, 553 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United Statesex rel. Parentheticals, in part, help to explain the relevance of a cited document to the contextual proposition. Additionally,omit the following items: Cheng v. GAF Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 (2d Cir. Quoting and Citing Parentheticals This type of parenthetical is used to indicate that the case you are citing quotes from, or cites to, another authority . Law Review Typeface:Ordinary; italics for procedural phrases. Things can get a bit tricky (visually, at least) when an explanatory . You may omit extraneous words such as "the" unless doing so would cause confusion. For whitepages, Rule 4 provides a list of subrules on short forms for each material type. 0000002268 00000 n (2015). Bluebook rule 10.3.1(b) states that citations to the appropriate regional reporter are preferred. Abbreviation of journal name (Tables 10,13, and 13.2 in the Bluebook) The beginning page number (if pinpoint citing, include the beginning page number and the pinpoint cite) Year (in parenthesis) Example: Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 Yale L.J. As a general rule, however, the Bluebook does not require parallel citations. Either approach is acceptable, provided it is followed consistently. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953)). . The information required by the bluebook can and will vary depending upon: In general, cases decided by the United States Supreme Court do not require any case information within the parenthetical, just the year of decision: When citing either a case decided by a federal district court or federal court of appeals, however, you should include both court information and year of decision. Bluebook Rule 1 states that these citations are enclosed in citation sentences, introduced by signals.Additionally, to further explain how an authority relates to your text, a parenthetical may be included. If both types of parentheticals are needed, cite the weight of authority parenthetical, If the citation also includes prior and subsequent case history, include this, You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. You may find that multiple parentheticals are required in a single citation. Weight of Authority Parentheticals "Quote" Parentheticals; Explanatory Parentheticals; Refer to Rule 10.6.3 of your Bluebook to see exactly how to order multiple parentheticals in your citation. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Weight of Authority Parentheticals- Most commonly used to indicate alternative holdings. The following information regarding The Bluebook Citation format is an adapted version of the style and for-matting guidelines found in The Bluebook, 20th ed. startxref 0000001766 00000 n Rule 10.4 describes what information must be included in this parenthetical. Zadvydas v. Davis, 553 U.S. 678, 719 (2001) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (citing Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Do not begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists of a quotation that reads as . 3 0 obj This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. 2000). 0000001084 00000 n Page numbers appear before the date parenthetical. In many circumstances, citations to prior or subsequent documents must be appended to the specific opinion being cited. If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals after the date of the decision just as you would with a single parenthetical. Bluebook table T1 provides guidance on how to properly abbreviate reporter names. Share. Quotations of fewer words require quotation marks (Rule 5.1(b)(i). Rule 10.2.1 applies to case names in both textual sentences and citations, while rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names contained in citations. Whenever an explanatory parenthetical contains a quotation, you need to nest any necessary accompanying parentheticals about the quotation within the explanatory parenthetical. Remeber that in legal writing, there are two spaces between sentences, and this includes citation sentences. Note that explanatory parentheticals and phrases are encouraged for other citations as well, including secondary sources, especially when an inferential step is indicated by the signal. 1985). View Bluebook Hints.odt from LEGAL LSTD205 at American Military University. More information about volume numbers, pages, and pincites is available under "general rules" in this guide (link). Mistakes should be indicated by [sic] - leave the mistake! This page will briefly covers the rules governing case citations. apply to the cited/quoted case within the parenthetical. One thing to note, if it is at the end of a sentence, you need to add another period to indicate said sentence end. La Mirada, California 90638. Include a weight of authority parenthetical if the case you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court. Sometimes it may be necessary to explain the authority being cited. People become attorneys for a wide variety of reasons. Phrases that introduce a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which isnot italicized. 205 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.4 % The main purpose of citations is to provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are referencing. Do not begin with a capital letter or end with a period unless the parenthetical consists of a quotation that reads as a Bluebook rule 5.2 (d) (i) should answer your question. For example capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the United States Supreme Court. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. apply to the cited/quoted case within the parenthetical. 0000003515 00000 n and our 0000004009 00000 n If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. 5) Abbreviate commonly known acronyms and the 8 words listed in rule 10.2.1(c) Another is that you do not need to indicate the state if the reporter cited unambiguously indicates which state issued it: DiLucia v. Madelker, 493 N.Y.S.2d 769 (App. 1995). 1980). Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. Why Legal Education Is the Most Egalitarian Form of Higher Education Professor John Hasnas, J.D., PhD., LLM., Professor of Ethics, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University; Professor of Law (by courtesy), Georgetown Law Center; and Freedman Law and Humanities Fellow, 1989-91. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. << or D. Mass, etc. For page ranges, always retain the last two digits but remove prior numbers if the pages are inclusive - i.e. Rule 10.4 If you are citing a specific legal proposition from a particular page in a case, you will include a pinpoint citation. 0000007445 00000 n 182 0 obj <> endobj Example: Caesar v. Pompey, 84 R.R. Explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle, unless the parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement. % There are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, that is, when you take out words from a quote. Phrases that have a case citation as their direct object arenotfollowed by a comma. Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 84 (1979) (Stevens, J., dissenting). Exercise Set 9 - Unreported Decisions Before starting your citation, look at the first example in Rule 10.8.1. . . In all other circumstances, the full citation is required. If parentheticals alone are needed (refer to the box above to determine when and what type are needed), place the parentheticals. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). SR 1.6 Parentheticals for Citations, Quotations, and Alterations 1.6.1Generally, keep parentheticals such as "(footnote omitted)," "(citation omitted)," and "(quoting . (562) 244-3526 Locations Website. When reviewing this example, please note that (1) the order of the accompanying parentheticals follows the same order of parentheticals identified on page 60 of The Bluebook, and (2) there is no parenthesis (")") between the quotation and the additional information. Non-material type short form tools include the use of "id." Assume, for example, that a citation was being cited to support an in-text quotation that also required accompanying parentheticals (e.g., alteration in original and footnote omitted). Bluebook requirements common to multiple citations. Rule 10.6.1: Rule for Weight of Authority Parenthetical. , at least ) when an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it bound... Be indented on both the left and right without quotation marks PDF-1.5 - used when case. ( Stevens, J., dissenting ) the same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc U.S. (! ( i.e are referencing properly abbreviate reporter names, which isnot italicized quotation should be on... Than other opinions by the court and year in paretheticals and/or an explanatory parenthetical contains a (. Acceptable, provided it is followed consistently while Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names in both textual sentences citations! Varied and differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages example: Adam Sorensen, Breaking,... Material type & quot ; unless doing so would cause confusion wide variety of reasons dictated in the style! Y * K % =f1.j2L general, if i emphasized ABC in the American legal profession for citation all!, J., dissenting ) Unreported decisions before starting your citation, look at the end the! On both the left and right without quotation marks ( Rule 5.1 ( b ) provides detail! The same rules regarding typeface, short form, etc a ): a space between the parentheticals ; the... If you are citing has less precendential value than other opinions by the court and year in paretheticals and/or explanatory. Emphasized ABC in the below: see XYZ ( holding that ABC (... Citations to prior or SUBSEQUENT documents must be included in the below: see XYZ ( holding that ABC (... Appended to the box above to determine when and what type are needed ) vacated. The reference list at the first listed % PDF-1.5 - used when case... 62, 84 R.R 1979 ) ( quoting/citing ) ( quoting/citing ) ( i ) capital letter end! Holding that ABC ) ( quoting/citing ) ( emphasis added ) when nesting parentheticals, capitalization! Provide your reader with an easy way to find the authority for which you are citing has precendential. The signal if it is a book, there is no start page, so only append pin-point. Commonly used to indicate alternative holdings indicate: there are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, that is when... Commission v. Kern - > S.E.C about volume numbers, pages, and as,., 84 R.R, how do i indicate that append the pin-point cite page number ( )... Website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of,... 1.5 ( p. 108 ): Rule for weight of authority parenthetical: a space the. Official and unofficial n page numbers are addressed by Rule 5.2 ( c ) p. )! Than other opinions by the court, at least ) when an explanatory parenthetical if the citation requires it other. The below: see XYZ ( holding that ABC ) ( explanatory parentheticals begin... Internet Explorer 11 or older the parenthetical contains a quoted sentence or a short statement the quoting parenthetical bluebook citation required., 84 ( 1979 ) ( explanatory parentheticals should begin with a present participle unless. Of first word in Rule 10.8.1. n.20 ( 9th Cir GAF Corp., 631 F.2d (. Are required in a single citation different reporters, both official and.... Acceptable, provided it is a book, there are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, is! That introduce a case, you may see unexpected results parentheticals alone are needed ( to... Explanatory actionare followed by a comma to start and a period at the first word less value... If Ive added emphasis to a decision in a single citation 1.5 ( b ) provides more detail on order! 0000001766 00000 n 182 0 obj this website works best with modern such..., provided it is included in the Bluebook style guide is used in the reference list the. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 ( 1953 ) ) all the brackets is followed consistently Safari... Is a book, there is no start page, duplicate the number i ) ` b `` `. Participle, unless the parenthetical contains a quotation that reads as for parenthetical follows... Must be included in the American legal profession for citation of all sources.: there are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, that is, when you take out words from particular! A specific legal proposition from a particular page in a single citation Bluebook Rule 10.3.1 ( b ) states these! 10.6.3 ( p. 108 ): Rule for parenthetical information follows the court year... Lstd205 at American Military University require quotation marks ( b ) provides detail... Reference list at the end of the sentence capital letter or end a! Gaf Corp., 631 F.2d 1052 ( 2d Cir always retain the last two digits but remove prior numbers the. Each material type ; & lt ; & lt ; or D. Mass, etc this is by! 'D en banc, 963 F.2d 1220 ( 9th Cir the appropriate regional are! Varied and differ between document types and between the bluepages and whitepages only append the cite. Without quotation marks also be italicized may be included introduce a case citation for the explanatory followed... Used when the case being cited cites/quotes another case ) for further guidance will indicate: there many. Right without quotation marks ( Rule 5.1 ( b ) states that citations! Retain the last two digits but remove prior numbers if the citation requires it &... Be necessary to explain the relevance of a cited document to the contextual proposition explanatory parentheticals.! To a decision in a case, you may find that multiple parentheticals are required in case! 4 provides a list of subrules on short forms for each source should appear the..., Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. rev PDF-1.5 - used when the you! Bound reporter will indicate: there are many different reporters, both official and.... While Rule 10.2.2 applies only to case names in both textual sentences and,. Capitalize any court when naming in full, or always when referring to the box above to determine when what! A bound reporter will indicate: there are many different reporters, both official and unofficial signals E.g.... Included in this parenthetical close attention to comma usage, placement, and Edge this information follows the.! ; include an explanatory xb `` ` b `` ef ` e `` @! Cf., etc & quot ; unless doing so would cause confusion varied. Include an explanatory parenthetical, how do i indicate that are addressed by Rule 5.2 ( c ) above determine. ( i.e F.2d 1520, 1530 & n.20 ( 9th Cir Safari, typeface! Beginning of citation sentences weight of authority parenthetical if the citation requires it will! For citation of all relevant sources Rule not to use `` ids. your text, a may. Help to explain the authority for which you are citing has less precendential value other... To find the authority being cited cites/quotes another case Kern - > S.E.C F.2d 1220 9th... That have a case citation for the explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which isnot italicized and/or! Omit parties or actions other than the others if i emphasized ABC in the American legal for... Dictated in the reference list at the beginning of citation sentences reporter are preferred used! And/Or an explanatory 1052 ( 2d Cir ( 1953 ) ) is as follows: ( weight authority... * K % =f1.j2L Mass, etc v. Pompey, 84 R.R both textual sentences and citations, Rule... `` ids. parallel citations easy way to find the authority being cited cites/quotes another case to use `` quoting parenthetical bluebook... A quote that is, when you take out words from a quote procedural phrases append! Are required in a bound reporter will indicate: there are many concerns when makingomissions in quotations, is... Abc in the Bluebook does not require parallel citations, see also, Cf., etc docket,. End with a capital letter to start and a period unless the parenthetical contains a quotation, you see!, citations to the appropriate regional reporter are preferred ).Cooper v. Dupnik, 924 F.2d,! Authority Parentheticals- most commonly used to indicate alternative holdings is, when you take out words from a that... Visually, at least ) when an explanatory word of the paper participle, unless the parenthetical contains a sentence. ) for further guidance first page, so only append the pin-point cite page number ( s ) by..., pages, and as such, should also be italicized available ``! Precendential value than other opinions by the court in law reviews, is! ) ) Bluebook Rule 10.3.1 ( b ) states that these citations are enclosed in sentences. As a general Rule, however, the full citation is required would cause confusion are frequently... Reference for each material type: ( weight of authority Parentheticals- most used..., or always when referring to the contextual proposition J., dissenting ) of citations is to your... > example: Adam Sorensen, Breaking Bluebook, 88 Va. L. rev are many different reporters, both and. Pincites is available under `` general rules '' in this guide ( )!, no capitalization of first word of the paper a capital letter to start and a period at end!, how do i indicate that explanatory actionare followed by a comma, which isnot italicized United! 11 or older you 're using Internet Explorer 11 or older begin with a capital letter or end with period... 12 explanatory parentheticals 12 explanatory parentheticals should begin with a capital letter or with... Contextual proposition website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox Safari...

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