to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope

antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 The majority of the members of the Society favored including women in the governing structure of the organization; the more conservative members broke away from the Anti-Slave Society to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society, which excluded women. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. However, abolitionism developed significantly over the 1800s. For most, this meant a few months of schooling a year in a one-room rural schoolhouse. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. \textbf{Current Assets}\\ In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. It is also during this time that higher education began to open to women. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. \quad\text{Preferred Stock)}&& \$ 2.20\\ Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . But Transcendentalism had many more participants whose interests ranged across the spectrum of antebellum reform. Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___. In late August of 1831, Turner and his followers launched the rebellion. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. Dubbed by historians, one of 100 or so reform communities that were established before the Civil War. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. KEY TERMS: 1. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. The most prominent of these education reformers was Horace Mann, head of the Massachusetts board of education, the first in the nation. The first, in which . The most significant success was that by 1860, more than a dozen states had granted women greater control over the wages they earned, and some even allowed women to sue husbands and fathers who tried to deprive them of their wages. The Second Great Awakening began in the 1790s and, by the 1820s, had emerged as a major religious movement. Early nineteenth-century America was a time of reform. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. 2. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. For some women, church membership and the new Christian message offered more personal power and greater personal freedom, as becoming active in the church was considered to be acceptable feminine conduct. Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. Required The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. Douglass was perhaps the most famous, influential, and vocal black abolitionist. Antebellum Convention Movement The antebellum convention movement consisted of a series of national, regional, and state conventions held by blacks in North America on an irregular basis from 1830 to 1861. Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. The experiment in Liberia proved to be, in many ways, a failure; hundreds died from disease soon after emigrating. Antebellum reform was international in scope . - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. The antebellum period was marked by several major slave uprisings. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ What is its accounts receivable turnover? For many slaves, the message was a promise of freedom, either in this world or in the afterlife. Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. Learn . )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In the 1800's a woman 'Belonged' to a man on marriage. The wealthy engaged private tutors and academies. Gender Turner himself evaded capture for months. In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. Many prominent African American abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass were members of the Society. \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. \text{Advances from Customers}& 640,000 &660,000\\ There have been many movements over time that has led America to where we are today. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. \quad\text{Dividends on Common Shares}&& (2,080,000)\\ For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ \text{ASSETS}\\ Learn about temperance and abolition and . The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ These include: 1. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. What is your opinion on this question: "Should the national government distribute money to states with "no strings attached," or should the grant have stipulations?" Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. - people brought ideas from different countries, across the Atlantic, Give Me Liberty Ch. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. The angel led him to a hillside near his fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. \text{Bad Debt Expense} &&120,000\\ Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. Smith described Moroni as a son of the prophet Mormon and the last of the Nephites, descendants of Hebrews who had travelled to the Americas sometime around 500 BCE. 30.4130.4130.41 On the frontier, an offshoot of the Second Great Awakening sought to restore the Christian Church into one unified body patterned after the original, primitive, or fundamental, form of Christianity described in the New Testament. In 1822, Charleston was home to a large African Methodist Episcopal congregation, as well as large numbers of Methodist and Baptist African American congregations. These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. The Second Great Awakening encouraged this impulse to reform by emphasizing individual responsibility and the desire to seek perfection. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. As a characteristic of the black community (free and slave) of Richmond during the period, evangelical Christianity was one part of Gabriels message of freedom. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ Gabriel, a blacksmith, was often leased out to work for others; in this more relaxed system, he was able to move more freely and recruit conspirators, a pattern that was only enhanced by the summers revival meetings. Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. Further reproduction prohibited without . Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. Young female teachers staffed many of the schools. What were the diverse sources of the antebellum women's rights movement? Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. d. 12.0012.0012.00 Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. Slower - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 Camp meetings were a new form of religious expression for the United States. \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . Was used as an avenue to social advancement and was shared by the early labor movement, which made the establishment of common schools one of its goals. They formed abolition groups together to voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women's suffrage. utopian communities (p. 434) The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. (People to know). In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. Garrison was militant in his call for immediate and complete emancipation as a moral imperative. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. The struggle to end slavery has a long history both globally and in the United States; indeed, the struggle to end slavery emerged at roughly the same time as slavery itself. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. Mainly, it had drastically weakened the ties that bound . The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. Before the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. The White Americans still wanted public white only area. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ (1) The only transaction affecting common or preferred shares during 2013 was the sale of treasury stock. a. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ Merchants with commercial ties to the South. A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century.

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